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Important Math Results and Timeline of Mathematics

It's interesting to compile what are considered the most "important" math theorems or results over the years. One site combined a list together and I've taken that list and resorted it using a spreadsheet based on the approximate year. I hope to include more from other sources and to eventually work through the list and see about writing out a proof for them. If anything is incorrect or if there's a result you feel should be included, then please let me know.

Also related to this is mathigon's beautiful Timeline of Mathematics.

Original Source

Math Result Author(s) Approximate Year
Sum of an arithmetic series Babylonians 1700 B.C.
The Irrationality of the Square Root of 2 Pythagoras and his school 500 B.C.
Pythagorean Theorem Pythagoras and his school 500 B.C.
The Number of Platonic Solids Theaetetus 400 B.C.
The Infinitude of Primes Euclid 300 B.C.
Formula for Pythagorean Triples Euclid 300 B.C.
Sum of the Angles of a Triangle Euclid 300 B.C.
Product of Segments of Chords Euclid 300 B.C.
Isosceles Triangle Theorem Euclid 300 B.C.
Greatest Common Divisor Algorithm Euclid 300 B.C.
The Perfect Number Theorem Euclid 300 B.C.
The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic Euclid 300 B.C.
Sum of a Geometric Series Archimedes 260 B.C.?
The Area of a Circle Archimedes 225 B.C.
Heron's Formula Heron of Alexandria 75
Ptolemy's Theorem Ptolemy 120?
The Principle of Mathematical Induction Levi ben Gerson 1321
Divergence of the Harmonic Series Nicole Oresme 1350
The Solution of a Cubic Scipione Del Ferro 1500
The Solution of the General Quartic Equation Lodovico Ferrari 1545
The Law of Cosines Francois Viete 1579
Pigeonhole principle Jean Leurechon 1624
Descartes Rule of Signs Rene Descartes 1637
Pascal's Hexagon Theorem Blaise Pascal 1640
Desargues's Theorem Gerard Desargues 1650
The Binomial Theorem Isaac Newton 1665
Sum of the Reciprocals of the Triangular Numbers Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz 1672
Leibnitz's Series for Pi Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz 1674
Theorem of Ceva Giovanni Ceva 1678
Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz 1686
L'Hopital's Rule John Bernoulli 1696?
Sum of kth powers Jakob Bernouilli 1713
Taylor's Theorem Brook Taylor 1715
DeMoivre's Theorem Abraham DeMoivre 1730
Stirling's Formula James Stirling 1730
Central Limit Theorem Abraham DeMoivre, Laplace, Gauss, Chebyshev, Lyapunov 1733-1901
Buffon Needle Problem Comte de Buffon 1733
Euler's Summation of 1 + (1/2)^2 + (1/3)^2 + ... Leonhard Euler 1734
Divergence of the Prime Reciprocal Series Leonhard Euler 1734?
Konigsberg Bridges Problem Leonhard Euler 1736
The Partition Theorem Leonhard Euler 1740
Cramer's Rule Gabriel Cramer 1750
Polyhedron Formula Leonhard Euler 1751
Solutions to Pell's Equation Leonhard Euler 1759
Euler's Generalization of Fermat's Little Theorem Leonhard Euler (Pierre de Fermat) 1760 (1640)
Four Squares Theorem Joseph-Louis Lagrange 1770
Wilson's Theorem Joseph-Louis Lagrange 1773
Fundamental Theorem of Algebra Karl Frederich Gauss 1799
Law of Quadratic Reciprocity Karl Frederich Gauss 1801
Order of a Subgroup Joseph-Louis Lagrange 1802
Fourier Series Joseph Fourier 1811
The Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality Augustine-Louis Cauchy 1814?
The Intermediate Value Theorem Augustine-Louis Cauchy 1821
Feuerbach's Theorem Karl Wilhelm Feuerbach 1822
The Mean Value Theorem Augustine-Louis Cauchy 1823
Insolvability of General Higher Degree Equations Niels Henrik Abel 1824
Green's Theorem George Green 1828
The Impossibility of Trisecting the Angle and Doubling the Cube Pierre Wantzel 1837
Dirichlet's Theorem Peter Lejune Dirichlet 1837
The Isoperimetric Theorem Jacob Steiner 1838
Liouville's Theorem and the Construction of Transcendental Numbers Joseph Liouville 1844
Puiseux's Theorem Victor Puiseux (based on a discovery of Isaac Newton of 1671) 1850
Stokes' theorem Lord Kelvin and George Stokes 1854?
The Cayley-Hamilton Theorem Arthur Cayley 1858
Bertrand's Postulate J.L.F. Bertrand 1860?
The Denumerability of the Rational Numbers Georg Cantor 1867
The Independence of the Parallel Postulate Karl Frederich Gauss, Janos Bolyai, Nikolai Lobachevsky, G.F. Bernhard Riemann 1870-1880
Sylow's Theorem Ludwig Sylow 1870
e is Transcendental Charles Hermite 1873
The Non-Denumerability of the Continuum Georg Cantor 1874
Pi is Transcendental Ferdinand Lindemann 1882
The Hermite-Lindemann Transcendence Theorem Ferdinand Lindemann 1882
The Ballot Problem J.L.F. Bertrand 1887
Cantor's Theorem Georg Cantor 1891
Prime Number Theorem Jacques Hadamard and Charles-Jean de la Vallee Poussin (separately) 1896
Minkowski's Fundamental Theorem Hermann Minkowski 1896
Morley's Theorem Frank Morley 1899
Pick's Theorem George Pick 1899
Lebesgue Measure and Integration Henri Lebesgue 1902
Brouwer Fixed Point Theorem L.E.J. Brouwer 1910
Banach fixed-point theorem Stefan Banach 1922
Ramsey's Theorem F.P. Ramsey 1930
Godel's Incompleteness Theorem Kurt Godel 1931
Ascending or Descending Sequences Paul Erdos and G. Szekeres 1935
Dissection of Cubes (J.E. Littlewood's 'elegant' proof) R.L. Brooks 1940
The Undecidability of the Continuum Hypothesis Paul Cohen 1963
The Friendship Theorem Paul Erdos, Alfred Renyi, Vera Sos 1966
The Four Color Problem Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken 1976
Fermat's Last Theorem Andrew Wiles 1993
Classification of finite simple groups Daniel Gorenstein, Richard Lyons, and Ronald Solomon 1955 and 2004
QM-AM-GM-HM inequalities ? ?

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